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Nanoparticles
Edited by G¨nter Schmid
Nanoparticles: From Theory to Application. Edited by G¨nter Schmid
Copyright
8
2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 3-527-30507-6
Further Titles of Interest
M. Kohler, W. Fritzsche
Nanotechnology
2004, ISBN 3-527-30750-8
C. N. R. Rao, A. Muller, A. K. Cheetham (Eds.)
The Chemistry of Nanomaterials
Synthesis, Properties and Applications
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P. M. Ajayan, L. S. Schadler, P. V. Braun
Nanocomposite Science and Technology
2003, ISBN 3-527-30359-6
F. Caruso (Ed.)
Colloids and Colloid Assemblies
2003, ISBN 3-527-30660-9
Z. L. Wang (Ed.)
Characterization of Nanophase Materials
1999, ISBN 3-527-29837-1
J. H. Fendler (Ed.)
Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Films
Preparation, Characterization and Applications
1998, ISBN 3-527-29443-0
Nanoparticles
From Theory to Application
Edited by G¨nter Schmid
Prof. Dr. G¨nter Schmid
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
University Duisburg-Essen
Universit¨tsstr. 5-7
45117 Essen
Germany
9
This book was carefully produced. Never-
theless, authors, editor and publisher
do not warrant the information contained
therein to be free of errors. Readers are
advised to keep in mind that statements,
data, illustrations, procedural details or
other items may inadvertently be
inaccurate.
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Bibliographic information published by Die
Deutsche Bibliothek
Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this
publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic
dnb.ddb.de
(
2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA, Weinheim
All rights reserved (including those of
translation in other languages). No part of
this book may be reproduced in any form –
by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other
means – nor transmitted or translated into
machine language without written
permission from the publishers. Registered
names, trademarks, etc. used in this book,
even when not specifically marked as such,
are not to be considered unprotected by law.
Printed in the Federal Republic of
Germany.
Printed on acid-free paper.
Typesetting
Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong
Printing
betz-druck gmbh, Darmstadt
Bookbinding
Litges & Dopf Buchbinderei
GmbH, Heppenheim
ISBN
3-527-30507-6
v
Contents
1 General Introduction
1
G
¨
nter Schmid
2 Quantum Dots
4
Wolfgang Johann Parak, Liberato Manna, Friedrich Christian Simmel,
Daniele Gerion, and Paul Alivisatos
2.1 Introduction and Outline
4
2.2 Nanoscale Materials and Quantum Mechanics
6
2.2.1 Nanoscale Materials as Intermediate between Atomic and Bulk
Matter
6
2.2.2 Quantum Mechanics
7
2.3 From Atoms to Molecules and Quantum Dots
8
2.4 Shrinking Bulk Material to a Quantum Dot
10
2.4.1 Three-Dimensional Systems (Bulk Material)
10
2.4.2 Two-Dimensional Systems
14
2.4.3 One-Dimensional Systems (Quantum Wires)
18
2.4.4 Zero-Dimensional Systems (Quantum Dots)
20
2.5 Energy Levels of a (Semiconductor) Quantum Dot
21
2.6 Varieties of Quantum Dots
24
2.6.1 Lithographically Defined Quantum Dots
25
2.6.2 Epitaxially Self-Assembled Quantum Dots
27
2.6.3 Colloidal Quantum Dots
28
2.7 Optical Properties of Quantum Dots
29
2.7.1 Absorption and Emission Spectra
29
2.7.2 Spectral Diffusion and Blinking
31
2.7.3 Metal Nanoparticles
33
2.7.4 Overview of Some Selected Applications
33
2.8 Some (Electrical) Transport Properties of Quantum Dots
34
2.8.1 Coulomb Blockade: Basic Theory and Historical Sketch
35
2.8.2 Single-Electron Tunneling
37
2.8.3 Tunneling Transport – Line Shape of Conductance Peaks
41
2.8.4 Some Applications
42
References
44
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