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Nanoscale Technology
Edited by
Ralph S. Greco
Fritz B. Prinz
R. Lane Smith
C RC PR E S S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis
in Biological Systems
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Dedication
This textbook is dedicated to all of the surgical residents
at the Stanford University School of Medicine and all
of the graduate students in the School of Engineering
at Stanford whose work has been an inspiration to the
editors, in the laboratory, the clinic and in the
preparation of this manuscript.
Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis
Preface
In 1959, Richard P. Feynman, Professor of Physics at the California Institute of
Technology and Nobel Laureate, delivered an address at the American Physical
Society, which is given the credit for inspiring the field of nanotechnology. Published
in
Engineering and Science,
Feynman’s address entitled “Plenty of Room at the
Bottom” described a new field of science dealing with “the problem of manipulating
and controlling things on a small scale.”*
Feynman theorized that the development of improved electron microscopes
would allow scientists to view the components of DNA, RNA, and proteins, to
develop miniature computers and miniature machine systems, as well as to manip-
ulate materials at the atomic level. “Perhaps this doesn’t excite you to do it and only
economics will do so. Then I want to do something; but I can’t do it at the present
moment, because I haven’t prepared the ground. It is my intention to offer a prize
of $1000 to the first guy who can take the information on the page of a book and
put it on an area 1/25,000 smaller in linear scale in such a manner that it can be
read by an electron microscope.” Secondarily, Feynman said, “And I want to offer
another prize — if I can figure out how to phrase it so that I don’t get into a mess
of arguments about definitions — of another $1000 to the first guy who makes an
operating electric motor — a rotating electric motor, which can be controlled from
the outside and, not counting the lead-in wires, is only 1/64 inch cube.” In addition,
he ended, “I do not expect that such prizes will have to wait very long for claimants.”
He was right. His second challenge was achieved in 1960 by an engineer named
William McLellan. McLellan constructed his small motor by hand using tweezers
and a microscope. The nonfunctioning motor currently resides in a display at the
California Institute of Technology. It took until 1985 for Thomas Newman, then a
graduate student at Stanford, to achieve the first challenge by using a computer-
controlled, finely focused pencil electron beam to write, in an area 5.9 micrometers
square, the first page of Charles Dickens’
A Tale of Two Cities.
In the 40 plus years since Feynman’s challenges, the field of nanotechnology
has advanced in many directions and at an astonishing pace. Some of the earliest
advances, which made the burgeoning field feasible, were in microscopy and
included not just the scanning electron microscope and the transmission electron
microscope, but the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope.
With these in hand, scientists were able to begin to observe and manipulate structures
at a scale measured in nanometers. The field of nanotechnology has since developed
rapidly. It is considered likely by most experts that nanotechnology will influence
energy more than any other industry, but that its application to biology and medicine
* Richard Feynman’s talk at the December 29, 1959, annual meeting of the American Physical
Society at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), first published in the February
1960 issue of Caltech's
Engineering and Science
.
Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis
is inevitable. In 2000, President Bill Clinton announced the founding of the U.S.
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). In the last three years this national insti-
tute has grown in scope and support, with a federal budget in 2003 of $710.2 million.
Governments in Europe, Japan, and other Asian nations have responded with com-
petitive investments in programs that are national in scope. Although the era of
nanotechnology is in its infancy, as it comes into full maturity there undoubtedly
will be profound implications on not only many branches of science, but in all of
our lives on a daily basis.
Ralph S. Greco, M.D
.
Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis
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